Tuesday, November 3, 2015

Lowland Forests

Lowland Forests

looking striaght up with three furrowed old growth tree trunks converging high above
View up into old growth Douglas-fir canopy.
Imagine a living organism 30 stories tall and wider than two parking spaces. It is humbling to stand amidst such giants in the ancient forests of Olympic National Park. The Olympic Peninsula lowlands, with their mild climate, deeper soils and generous rainfall grow world record trees. These old survivors record centuries of history in their massive trunks.
What is old growth forest?
Though there are old groves of subalpine firs, and huge trees amid the temperate rain forest in the park, when scientists use the term old growth, they are usually referring to Douglas-fir/western hemlock forests with these characteristics:
  • Trees older than about 200 years
  • Abundant downed wood on the ground
  • A multi-layered canopy
  • Standing dead trees called snags
Value of the Forest
What is the value of a tree, a forest? A tree might have so many board feet and thus be worth a certain amount to a homebuilder. Or a tree might be the only in the area with branches wide enough for a marbled murrelet to lay her egg on. Or a group of trees might anchor the soil on a slope above a town, or above a drinking water supply. Or a tree and its neighbors might filter the air, taking in carbon dioxide we’ve added to our atmosphere and helping to store it harmlessly, locked up in its woody tissue. In Olympic, you can walk the lowland forest and answer that question for yourself.
Where To See Lowland, Old Growth ForestsExplore the Sol Duc or Elwha valleys, or trails at Lake Crescent. Or visit the forest around Staircase in the southeast corner of the park.
many large straight red-brown tree trunks with green lacy understory trees below
Old growth forest with deeply furrowed bark on older Douglas-firs and lacy western hemlocks below.
Common TreesDouglas-fir – Pseudotsuga menziesii
Western hemlock – Tsuga heterophylla
Western redcedar – Thuja plicata
Grand fir – Abies grandis
Sitka spruce – Picea sitchensis (primarily westside rain forests)
Common Shrubs
Coast red elderberry – Sambucus racemosa
Huckleberries – Vaccinium sp.Ocean spray - Holodiscus discolor
Oregon grape – Berberis nervosa
Salal – Gaultheria shallon
Common Understory PlantsBleeding heart – Dicentra formosaViolets – Viola sp.
Star flower – Trientalis borealis
Sword fern – Polystichum munitum
Trillium – Trillium ovatum
Twinflower – Linnaea borealisVanillaleaf – Achlys sp.Youth-on-age – Tolmeia menziesii

Tuesday, June 9, 2015

FOUND: GHOSTLY 100-YEAR-OLD CHALKBOARD DRAWINGS

FOUND: Ghostly 100-Year-Old Chalkboard Drawings
                                   A detail from one of the drawings (Image: OKCPS Twitter)
Early in December of 1917, D.J. Gerst Co., along with R.J. Scott the custodian of Oklahoma City's Emerson High School, wrote a message: "We this day give to this room slate blackboards." They left those messages, along with lessons on music, history, math and cleanliness, on the old chalkboards—which were left installed below the new, slate ones and uncovered for the first time in almost a century last week. 
While working to install modern-day smart boards, workers found lessons from 98 years ago about the early history of America—including drawings of pilgrims and turkeys, presumably left from Thanksgiving-related lessons. A calendar of December 1917 was still on one board; on others, there are brightly colored drawings of children's and ships. They're a little bit eerie—lessons written by teachers who are long gone, for children who went off and used this knowledge to live their lives.
A century later, American children are still learning some of the same lessons, but the smart boards that are being installed likely won't preserve them so effortlessly for future generations to see and remember. 
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Friday, June 5, 2015

THIS VIRTUAL REALITY PROJECT PROMISES TO BRING DEAD LOVED ONES BACK TO LIFE

Imagine that you could see your late grandmother again. Or your mother who passed away from cancer. Or your brother who died in a car accident. The longing to reconnect with the people we’ve lost is as basic as breathing, so it's no surprise that designers and engineers have started exploring how we deal with death, and, as part of that bottomless topic, how to technologically reinvigorate the departed. This is the current endeavor of Nick Stavrou and Steve Koutsouliotas, two best friends who both lost their fathers unexpectedly and later co-founded the gaming company Paranormal Games. Today, they are developing a demo for —a personalized experience in which users can visit with 3-D models of the dead in a virtual reality setting.

The very notion of virtual reanimation seems fraught, to say the least. While literature and film have explored the horrific side of life-after-death misadventures, modern attempts to revisit the departed seem destined to end, simply, in more heartache. The creators of Project Elysium are careful to keep their proposal grounded in reality, and in helping the bereaved. "We’re giving people the opportunity to spend time with their loved ones in a custom-made, private and scripted virtual environment," says Stavrou. "It’s a therapeutic experience aimed to help the people left behind work through their grief."

THE DANGERS OF VISITING THE DEAD

You may have seen the breakout British series Black Mirror and the episode, "Be Right Back," in which a woman loses her husband in a car accident and, unable to move on, buys an artificially engineered version of him: a breathing, life-like being whose mind and speech is populated by all the details of his digital footprint. In short, his emails, texts, videos, and photographs allow the stand-in husband to speak, sound, think, and behave almost exactly like the living version of himself. In the end, however, the stand-in husband isn’t quite real enough to satisfy the grieving wife—and yet he’s too real to give up. It’s a disturbing paradox and one that clearly demonstrates the pitfalls of trying to re-engineer the natural cycle of life and death.
Stavrou and Koutsouliotas haven’t seen Black Mirror and don’t plan to; they don’t want outside influences to corrupt their vision. But they do say Project Elysium isn’t about recreating an absolutely "real" version of the deceased. The world they’re creating is not intended to be a kind of Second Life for the dead. It’s meant to be what Stavrou calls a "virtual sanctuary," almost like the online version of visiting the cemetery. Users will be able to specify the setting—say a favorite place of yours or your loved one. But the goal isn’t for users to escape into a virtual space, where they might risk emotionally and mentally losing themselves in a fantasy.

Nick Stavrou and Steve Koutsouliotas

"We aren't chasing realism; in fact we are aiming more towards hyper-realism," says Stavrou. The human models and physical settings will be as realistic as possible, but the world "will always have a bright colored, dreamscape look and feel on the fringes" such as a fog surrounding the boarders of the environment. It’s this fog out of which avatars of the deceased will emerge and retreat. Further, the deceased models will have a slight glow to remind users that the world isn't real. "It wouldn't overwhelm you so much that it takes the experience away, but it would visually keep reminding you where you are," explains Stavrou.
The team also wants to ensure that "the traditional processes of grief can take effect before a user's individual project can be created," says Stavrou. To this end, the team has been consulting grief counselors to build other emotional safeguards into the project. The company will impose a strict waiting period between a loved one’s death and building a client’s sanctuary and the app itself will automatically shut down after a specified amount of time and impose a "cool down" period, in which users are locked out. Finally, there will be a debriefing function to help users assess how they’re coping with the experience.


INSIDE ELYSIUM

The demo will likely feature a simple scenario: the client sitting on a bench in a park with some ducks in a pond. "The deceased person would look at you, smile and use other forms of subtle body language," says Stavrou. This may not sound like a lot, but "body language can still get a lot across to people." The client's avatar can also speak, but it’s a one-way conversation, "kind of what you would have now if you went to a grave site," Stavrou says.
The team is looking for ways to advance the experience—perhaps allowing the avatars to play a few rounds of golf or hang out at a bar. They’d also be willing to include two-way verbal communication using audio recordings and videos of the deceased. "But we won’t be doing anything we haven’t tested beforehand," says Stavrou. "This is a serious service and we don’t know what ramifications things can have. This is all a new frontier."
Currently, the team is relying on photographs to create the avatars of the client and the deceased, including their facial expressions and fashion choices. Clients will also be able to tell the developers about their loved ones’ specific quirks, like your father always scratching his beard whenever he sits down. Eventually, they’d like to develop the technology for Oculus Rift and use other augmented reality technologies like the HoloLens. But for the prototype, the artificial intelligence portion of the project is limited to basic head and eye tracking.
"There is also a lot of work that needs to go into this feature alone," says Stavrou. "You don't want the deceased to be death staring you the whole time or giving you a creepy neck twist like the exorcist." Even subtle things must be accounted for, like the length of time that people generally hold eye contact or how often they blink.
Paranormal Games is currently developing Project Elysium for the Samsung Gear VR Jam, a global virtual reality competition that is hosted by Oculus and Samsung and runs through May 11. The prototype will focus on Stavrou’s own father and the whole process is being filmed by for a short documentary, which ends with Stavrou meeting his father in Elysium for the first time. He and Koutsouliotas then plan to use the demo and film to help attract investors. Their ultimate goal is to provide three services: the virtual sanctuary created by grieving individuals, a sanctuary created by living clients to leave for their loved ones when they die and a publicly viewable portal where people can visit with famous individuals, like Elvis.


UPDATE YOUR GRIEF

Whether you crave a few minutes with the King or your own best friend, the goal is about both comfort and closure. "What if you never had a chance to say your goodbye?" asks Stavrou. "What if you feel like you're forgetting that person? Sometimes I have a panic attack that I'm forgetting what my father’s face looked like." Photos can help, he says, but they’re not enough. "The small interactions—like sitting next to him and watching him smile while I told him something funny—are the ones I fear losing as time goes on. These are also the things I think Project Elysium has a better chance at offering."
In the end, Stavrou says "the dead leave a void that can never be filled. We would be fools and wrong to think that (it can)." But though death is a static, universal fact, it seems unlikely that the grieving process won't continue to evolve with our technological capabilities.

4 Secrets Wireless Hackers Don't Want You to Know

You're using a wireless access point that has encryption so you're safe, right? Wrong! Hackers want you to believe that you are protected so you will remain vulnerable to their attacks. Here are 4 things that wireless hackers hope you won't find out, otherwise they might not be able to break into your network and/or computer:
1. WEP encryption is useless for protecting your wireless network. WEP is easily cracked within minutes and only provides users with a false sense of security.
Even a mediocre hacker can defeat Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)-based security in a matter of minutes, making it essentially useless as a protection mechanism. Many people set their wireless routers up years ago and have never bothered to change their wireless encryption from WEP to the newer and stronger WPA2 security. Updating your router to WPA2 is a fairly simple process. Visit your wireless router manufacturer's website for instructions.
2. Using your wireless router's MAC filter to prevent unauthorized devices from joining your network is ineffective and easily defeated.
Every piece of IP-based hardware, whether it's a computer, game system, printer, etc, has a unique hard-coded MAC address in its network interface. Many routers will allow you to permit or deny network access based on a device's MAC address. The wireless router inspects the MAC address of the network device requesting access and compares it your list of permitted or denied MACs. This sounds like a great security mechanism but the problem is that hackers can "spoof" or forge a fake MAC address that matches an approved one.
All they need to do is use a wireless packet capture program to sniff (eavesdrop) on the wireless traffic and see which MAC addresses are traversing the network. They can then set their MAC address to match one of that is allowed and join the network.
3. Disabling your wireless router's remote administration feature can be a very effective measure to prevent a hacker from taking over your wireless network.
Many wireless routers have a setting that allows you to administer the router via a wireless connection. This means that you can access all of the routers security settings and other features without having to be on a computer that is plugged into the router using an Ethernet cable. While this is convenient for being able to administer the router remotely, it also provides another point of entry for the hacker to get to your security settings and change them to something a little more hacker friendly. Many people never change the factory default admin passwords to their wireless router which makes things even easier for the hacker. I recommend turning the "allow admin via wireless" feature off so only someone with a physical connection to the network can attempt to administer the wireless router settings.
4. If you use public hotspots you are an easy target for man-in-the-middle and session hijacking attacks.
Hackers can use tools like Firesheep and AirJack to perform "man-in-the-middle" attacks where they insert themselves into the wireless conversation between sender and receiver. Once they have successfully inserted themselves into the line of communications, they can harvest your account passwords, read your e-mail, view your IMs, etc. They can even use tools such as SSL Strip to obtain passwords for secure websites that you visit. I recommend using a commercial VPN service provider to protect all of your traffic when you are using wi-fi networks. Costs range from $7 and up per month. A secure VPN provides an additional layer of security that is extremely difficult to defeat. Unless the hacker is extremely determined they will most likely move on and try an easier target.

Wednesday, June 3, 2015

The Small Startups Aiming for a Massive Piece of the Preventative Healthcare Industry

Medical equipment and pharmaceuticals have never been more profitable. But new technologies designed for workplace safety could divert cash into the nascent preventative care industry.
 Healthcare is a $3 trillion industry in the United States, so it should come as no surprise that there are new technology companies vying for a piece of the market. But unlike thehealthcare industry heavyweights, which manufacture pharmaceuticals or MRI machines, these startups are focused on something else entirely: prevention.
About 12,000 personnel are hurt at the workplace every day in the US. Many more deal with chronic conditions or nagging injuries. For these workers, hospital and pharmacy bills incur burdensome costs which are often paid out in the form of Medicare and Medicaid’s $836 billion annual budget.
For workers and the insurance companies that pay their bills, anything that can reduce the bill is invaluable. That’s why engineers around the world are in a race to build one type of “wearable device” that could truly keep workers healthy into old age: a human exoskeleton.
Strong Arm Technologies is one company developing powered exoskeletons, although theirs is lightweight—it’s augmenting human muscles to lift boxes, not replacing muscles entirely. Their V22 vest works by using a small motorized reel in the small of the back to draw a system of pulleys that run down the arms, helping the wearer lift objects safely from a standing position. At full power, the V22 handles up to 75 percent of the lift load, keeping the wearer from the kind of strain that can cause tendonitis or lumbar pain.
Of course, a regular health and fitness regimen could have the same effect. But while lots of companies offer occupational wellness incentives through employee health benefits, Americans are notoriously bad about using those dollars for gyms or trainers.
“BUT WHILE LOTS OF COMPANIES OFFER OCCUPATIONAL WELLNESS INCENTIVES THROUGH EMPLOYEE HEALTH BENEFITS, AMERICANS ARE NOTORIOUSLY BAD ABOUT USING THOSE DOLLARS FOR GYMS OR TRAINERS.”
Several software companies are attempting to change that; one such venture is SafetyCulture, which has earned such pet-project status from one top investor that he regularly skips work at the software company he runs in order to hang out at the startup’s office.
SafetyCulture takes something mundane but essential—safety checklists—and turns them into smart SaaS products that can help enforce compliance. Their audit software stops workers at key junctures in their day, polling them to make sure they take the precautions dictated by their scenario. Airline mechanics, nurses, and construction workers could all stand to benefit from this technology—all of them rely on checklists to stay safe, and all of them work long hours.
Should an injury happen anyway, other startups are focused on developing surgical shortcuts that cut down on recovery time. BioBots is a nascent 3D printing company whose machines manufacture living tissue medical professionals can use to speed up healing and reduce scars. Once out of the hospital, patients can monitor themselves. Accel Diagnostics makes a self-diagnosis smartcard that, when exposed to bodily fluid, sends information directly to your doctor via a smartphone.
For permanently disabled Americans, even the most complex preventative healthcare technologies are more economical than months or years of home care. A California company called Esko Bionics is now selling a fully-powered bionic suit that enables people with any kind of lower body weakness to stand up, walk, and bear their full bodyweight without assistance from a caretaker. This increased mobility reduces depression and increases the likelihood patients will return to work.
Some companies also see harnessing the tacit knowledge of industry veterans as an opportunity to create value. A Tennessee startup called XOEye Technologies recently announced a head-mounted goggle assembly complete with camera, radio, and microphone that telecommunications repair crews can give to isolated field workers. The headsets allow senior engineers to supervise less experienced workers remotely, acting as a second pair of eyes and ears and making complex repairs less dangerous. With that kind of training, who needs a technical degree?

The Inevitable Connection of Everything: The Future of the Internet of Things

Welcome to the Internet of Things, where your “smart” clothes, digital devices, superfast computer, and even your house and car will all be connected and talking to one another.
At a data center in Seattle, a CRAC unit was running amok. The $60,000 air-conditioning and air-purifying machine was spewing coolant at a rate of more than a pint an hour all over the pristine white floor. It was heading for a meltdown, and so were the racks of servers it was designed to protect from the heat of their operation. But, perversely, it continued to report to the remote technicians responsible for running the data center that all was well.
It wasn’t quite a 2001 moment, where a murderous but unfailingly polite computer visits death and destruction on a deep-space crew. But for Digital Fortress—one of hundreds of thousands of data centers around the world responsible for the safety of the exabytes of email, industrial data, software-as-service applications, websites, and other data sources that are the lifeblood of the digital economy—the consequences could have been disastrous.
“Ten minutes is the difference between things being okay and having fried servers,” says former Digital Fortress IT manager Scott Gamble, who was in charge when things started to go south.
Fortunately for Digital Fortress and its customers, Gamble led the installation of an Internet-connected sensor network in the data center just days before. Those sensors alerted Gamble and his team that temperatures were on the rise inside the data center, no matter what the CRAC unit said. Forewarned, they were able to send engineers in to corral the rogue machine before it could do any real harm.
Welcome to the world of the digital nexus, where anything and everything is connected to the Internet, or will be any day now.
The Next Big Things
The next big thing in tech is not just one thing—it’s billions of them. In a report released in February, analyst Jim Tully at Gartner Inc., an IT research firm, estimated that 4.9 billion objects are now online as part of the Internet of Things, or IoT. He expects that number to balloon to 25 billion by 2020. That’s because manufactured goods, freight, cars and trucks, energy, and systems of all kinds are either safer, more efficient, less costly, or all of the above when they’re Internet-connected than when they’re off the digital grid.
John Shoemaker, executive VP at Identec Solutions—a company that installs connected sensor networks—says operating an IoT-enabled business makes it less like driving a train and more “like flying an airplane—I can course-correct in real time.”
In other words, IoT technology gives businesses the ability to manage goods and services—whether getting a handle on potential problems before they turn into disasters or managing inventory or moving goods from one continent to another. As time goes on, it will also increasingly impact people in their homes and private lives.
The Connected Home
The Nest thermostat and Protect smoke alarm, bought by Google from a crowd-financed startup for $3.2 billion just last year, are just two of the many products now on the market that let homeowners remotely manage and monitor the environment of their homes. Devices for fire and home-invasion detection can be set and monitored remotely, capable of texting alerts and articulating alarms in plain English. 
Smart looking as well as just plain smart, Nest products are among the first connected appliances to gain traction in the consumer marketplace, thanks in part to their easy-to-use interface and attractive appearance. But just about every household appliance is a candidate for upgraded utility and cache as they become connected devices. 
Take washing machines, for example: As envisioned by chip maker NXP Semiconductors, you’ll soon be able to program wash, spin, and rinse cycles; water temperature; and fabric handling on your smartphone. If something goes wrong while you’re at the office, you’ll be able to call up maintenance and system-status information and summon service professionals—and someday even send a self-driving car to pick them up!
Connected Cars and Drones
It’s no coincidence that self-driving cars and drones coincide with the IoT explosion. Both will depend on their Internet connections.
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication technologies are now in development by the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other future technologies might soon allow cars to exchange “Here I Am” signals with traffic lights as well as with one another for accident avoidance. With more than 30,000 traffic fatalities each year on U.S. highways, the incentive to make driving safer is enormous, and V2V communication promises to be at least part of the solution.
Drones will depend on V2V as well. Final flight protocols allowing for the widespread commercial use of drones (such as the delivery service envisioned by Amazon) can be vastly simplified by enabling virtual skyways with V2V and IoT technology, allowing drones to report their positions, trajectories, and flight plans to one another as well as to air traffic control.
With the market for drones expected to reach $12 billion by 2024, the race is already on to build the connected drone traffic control system. Competitors in that space range from NASA’s Ames Research Center and major defense contractor Exelis to a 12-person startup out of Portland, Ore., called Skyward
The Future of the Machine
All of the billions of new objects utilizing interconnectivity with the Internet will greatly accelerate the already tsunami-like influx of data, threatening what has been humorously called “data-geddon.” But the problem isn’t frivolous, and it’s being addressed with some urgency.
Today, most computers work by loading data from hard disks into much faster working memory, called DRAM. Allowing fast memory to be served by slow storage was sufficient when there was less data to work with, but as tasks call on increasing quantities of information, computers are becoming overloaded.
HP Labs is not the only shop working on this problem, but it is doing some of the most interesting work. HP’s vision is of an entirely new kind of computer—they’re calling it “The Machine”—that incorporates several major innovations: a new combination of memory and storage on nanoscale “memristors”; data transfer by light, rather than by copper wires, through “silicon photonics”; and a new operating system built for the superfast exchange between memory and storage.
Whether it’s HP’s Machine or another iteration, computers built to handle vastly greater quantities of data might not need data centers at all. Experts in future-tech believe the devices in our briefcases and pockets, as well as the ones on our desks, will eventually become nodes on a distributed computing network that would put computing tasks closer to where their results are needed. In that case, devices that now store data in the cloud would become the cloud.
“THE NEXT BIG THING IN TECH IS NOT JUST ONE THING - IT'S BILLIONS OF THEM... 9 BILLION OBJECTS ARE NOW ONLINE AS PART OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS, OR IOT. HE EXPECTS THAT NUMBER TO BALLOON TO 25 BILLION BY 2020.”
You could think of this new vision as IoT 2.0, but IoT 1.0 still has a way to go. Gartner’s Jim Tully cites security concerns as the number-one factor standing in the way, with privacy running a close second. So far, though, IoT purveyors don’t seem all that concerned about security. “Surprisingly,” as Tully puts it in his report for Gartner, “given the prominence of security concerns, at present, vendors do not view or embrace strong security as a market differentiator.”
Sooner rather than later, however, both public and corporate customers will demand a solution to this problem.

How do the Internet of Things, big data and the future of computing collide into one vision for technology? Two words: The Machine. Learn how The Machine will advance four emergent technologies in parallel to prevent the rising data flow from flooding conventional IT systems and to disrupt the way we think about computing.

ISLANDS OF THE UNDESIRABLES: RANDALL'S ISLAND AND WARDS ISLAND

Islands of the Undesirables: Randall's Island and Wards Island 
An aerial view of Randall's and Wards Islands seen towards the bottom right.
Scattered around the five boroughs are a set of islands—Roosevelt IslandNorth Brother Island
Randall’s Island and Wards IslandRikers Island, and Hart Island— that have all been places
 where the tired, poor, sick and criminal are sent to be treated (or sometimes just confined). These
 are the Islands of the Undesirables. The water has served as a kind of moat, as well as insurance
 against NIMBY protestations, physically close to glittering Manhattan but also very, very far the
 cosmopolitan city. 
This is the second installment of five-part series based on this past weekend’s Obscura Day event.
 Yesterday was Roosevelt Island, today we look at Randall's Island and Wards Island. Islands of the Undesirables: Randall's Island and Wards Island
A map of the islands that are featured in Atlas Obscura's Islands of the 
Undesirables series 
(Photo: Map Data © 2015 Google) 
Until the 1960s, Randall’s and Wards were two distinct islands, with the stretch between them known
 as Little Hell Gate. But even before Manhattan dumped its construction rubble to fill that gap, both
 islands have long histories as drop-off points for unwanted items from the big city.
Orphans, people dying of smallpox, the criminally insane and juvenile delinquents all resided on this
slip of a place, less than a square mile in size. The land was deemed more suitable for the dead than
 the living, as 100,000 bodies were transferred here at one point.
And if all of that wasn’t enough, eventually city planners built a sewage treatment plant on its shores.
At first, though, the islands lived bucolic lives. They were purchased from the Native Americans in
 1637 by Dutch Governor Wouter Van Twiller and used primarily for farming, with Wards known
 as “Great Barn Island” and Randall's as “Little Barn”. Randall's earned its first undesirable
association in the spring of 1776, when George Washington established a smallpox quarantine there,
but that usage didn’t last long—the British drove the Americans from both Great Barn and Little Barn
 a few months later. Captain John Montresor, prominent in the British military, had bought Little Barn
 in 1772 and used it to secretly survey New York for invasion sites. During the Revolution, he set up
 an officer's hospital on the island, while the British used it to launchamphibious invasions.  Great
 Barn, meanwhile, became an army base. 
Islands of the Undesirables: Randall's Island and Wards Island















The Inebriate Asyulm on Ward's Islabd,1869 

Like the other “islands of the undesirables,” both Randall’s and Wards were then privately owned
until the city bought them in the 19th century (Randall’s in 1835, Wards in 1851). Randall’s used
 to be owned by a farmer named Jonathan Randel, and the current name comes from a spelling error
 by the city. In the 19th century, the island housed an orphanage, an almshouse, a potters field, an
 Idiot Asylum (yes, its actual name) and a children’s hospital. But its most notorious tenant was
the House of Refuge, a reform school completed in 1854 and run by the Society for the Reformation
 of Juvenile Delinquents. Islands of the Undesirables: Randall's Island and Wards Island
A wood engraving of House of Refuge on Randall's Island, New York, from 1855 
(Photo: Public Domain/WikiCommons)

The House of Refuge—in reality, it was anything but—housed in both actual criminals and street
 urchins by the hundreds, and both groups were largely comprised of Irish teenage boys. The children
 spent four hours a day in religious and secular classes, and six and a half hours caning chairs and
 making shoes for outside contractors. Children who misbehaved were hung up by their thumbs.
In 1887, business finally forced the state to stop using House of Refuge inmates as workers
 (perhaps because the streets of New York were already flooded with cheap immigrant labor)
 and conditions improved slightly, though there were still reports of inhuman treatment by drunken
 officers and armed revolts by the boys.
During the same time period, Ward Island (its name comes from former owners Jaspar and
 Bartholomew Ward) was used for burial of hundreds of thousands of bodies relocated from the
Madison Square Park and Bryant Park potters fields, beginning in the 1840s. Overall, 100,000
 bodies were moved to approximately 75 acres on the southern tip of Wards Island. (It’s unclear
 whether the bodies are still there.) Besides the burial of the indigent dead, the island was also the
site of a hospital for sick and destitute immigrants, known as The State Emigrant Refuge
 (the biggest hospital complex in the world during the 1850s). Other tenants included an immigration
 station, a homeopathic hospital, a rest home for Civil War veterans, an Inebriate Asylum, and The
 New York City Asylum for the Insane. Islands of the Undesirables: Randall's Island and Wards Island
From 'King's Handbook of New York City', published in 1893
 (Photo: Public Domain/WikiCommons)
In 1930, the Metropolitan Conference on Parks recommends that the islands be stripped of their
 institutions and used only for recreation. Parks Commissioner Robert Moses saw both islands as
 key to his plan to link Manhattan, the Bronx and Queens by bridge, providing access to his new
system of parkways on Long Island. He pushed a bill through the state legislature that forced out
 the House of Refuge and many of the other institutions, sending many of the patients and inmates
 to overcrowded facilities elsewhere. Since then, the islands have had a different feel.
A 21,000-seat stadium (known as Triborough and later Downing) was constructed, opening with
Olympic trials in 1936. The trials were a mess, thanks largely to a malfunctioning public address
system, but they did feature Jesse Owens earning his Olympic slots. Two years later, Downing
 Stadium also hosted what is considered the first outdoor jazz festival, the 1938 Carnival of Swing.
The 5-hour, 45 minute memorial for George Gerwshin starred Duke Ellington, Count Basie and
other jazz legends. Newsreel footage of the event on YouTube provides a glimpse back in time to
 what seems like a marvelous event, and a far cry from the island’s historical uses.
Randall’s want on to host other major concerts and events, including Lollapalooza for several years
 in the 1990s. In 2005, Downing Stadium was replaced by a $45 million track and field arena called
 Icahn Stadium, and the island is now also home to a golf center, tennis academy, and athletic fields.
It’s also home, at least this year, to the Frieze Art Fair, the Governor’s Ball, and several other
 music-and-art festivals.
These days, then, the vibe at Randall’s and Ward is much different than for most of the last century,
 although remnants of its dark past remain. The New York City Asylum for the Insane later became
the world’s largest mental institution and is now the Manhattan Psychiatric Center, still located on
 the island. The Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center is also on Wards, housing the criminally insane.
Wards is also home to a major sewage treatment center, which takes up about a quarter of the island,
 and several homeless shelters, some of which are “emergency” shelters that have nevertheless been
 there for decades.
But the island is now known for something quite unique: a NYC Fire Department training academy
packed with structures simulating the various environments that firefighters encounter within the city,
 including a subway tunnel (complete with tracks and two subway cars), a helicopter pad, and a
replica ship. The danger there is carefully controlled—unlike the state-built institutions that had
previously lived on the island.Islands of the Undesirables: Randall's Island and Wards Island
Aerial view of the Hell Gate Bridge and one span of the Triborough Bridge,
between Astoria Park
 in Queens and Wards Island. At the top of the photo is the pedestrian Wards
 Island Bridge